Black, George and Robin Munro, Black Hands of Beijing (New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1993) - includes excerpts on key events of late May, the story of one worker's experience during the protests, and a detailed account of the night of June 3-4.

Unger, Jonathan, editor, The Pro-Democracy Protests in China: Reports from the Provinces (Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, Inc., 1991). Includes the following excerpts:

Beijing Days, Beijing Nights by Geremie Barmé
Voices from the Protest Movement in Chongqing: Class Accents and Class Tensions by Anita Chan and Jonathan Unger
The 1989 Democracy Movement in Fujian and Its Aftermath by Mary S. Erbaugh and Richard Curt Kraus
Xi'an Spring by Joseph W. Esherick
The Popular Protest in Hangzhou by Keith Forster
Despair and Hope: A Changsha Chronicle by Andrea Worden

Walder, Andrew G. and Gong Xiaoxia, Workers in the Tiananmen Protests: The Politics of the Beijing Workers' Autonomous Federation, The Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs, No. 29, January 1993.

Original source documents from 1989:

April 26 Renmin Ribao [People's Daily] editorial (also available in Chinese)
May 18 meeting between government and student representatives (also available in Chinese)
May 19 Li Peng's speech declaring martial law (also available in Chinese)
June 9 Deng Xiaoping's speech to martial law unit commanders

The Truth About the Turmoil, edited by the Editorial Board of The Truth about the Beijing Turmoil (Beijing: Beijing Publishing House, 1990).

Black, George and Robin Munro, Black Hands of Beijing (New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1993) - includes an excerpt on the foreign media coverage of June 3-4.

Hertsgaard, Mark, "China Coverage Strong on What, Weak on Why?" Rolling Stone, Sept. 21, 1989.

Jakobson, Linda, Lies in Ink, Truth in Blood: The Role and Impact of the Chinese Media During the Beijing Spring of '89, Discussion Paper D-6 (Cambridge, MA: Joan Shorenstein Barone Center, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, 1990).

Turmoil at Tiananmen: A Study of U.S. Press Coverage of the Beijing Spring of 1989 (Cambridge, MA: Joan Shorenstein Barone Center, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, 1992).

Barmé, Geremie, "History for the Masses," from Jonathan Unger, ed., Using the Past to Serve the Present (Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, Inc., 1993).

Barmé, Geremie, Shades of Mao (Armonk, New York: M.E. Sharpe, 1996) - includes excerpts on the cult of Mao that has persisted despite his death.

Barmé, Geremie, "To Screw Foreigners is Patriotic: China's Avant-Garde Nationalists," in Jonathan Unger, ed., Chinese Nationalism, (Armonk, New York: M.E. Sharpe, 1996).

Konrád, George (with Iván Szelényi), "Revolution or Reform," from Konrád, The Melancholy of Rebirth: Essays from Post-Communist Central Europe, 1989-1994 (New York: Harcourt Brace & Company, 1995).

Kraus, Richard Curt, Brushes With Power: Modern Politics and the Chinese Art of Calligraphy (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991) - includes excerpts on Chinese calligraphy and its relationship to politics and power, and on the 1976 Tiananmen Square Incident.

Lenin, V.I., "The State and Revolution" (1917).

Leys, Simon, "Human Rights in China," from The Burning Forest: Essays on Chinese Culture and Politics (New York: Henry Holt and Company, Inc., 1986).

Leys, Simon, excerpt on "the destruction of the city of Peking" from Chinese Shadows (New York: Viking Penguin Inc., 1978).

Liu Xiaobo, "That Holy Word, 'Revolution'," from Popular Protest and Political Culture in Modern China, Second Edition, edited by Jeffrey N. Wasserstrom and Elizabeth J. Perry (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1994).

Nathan, Andrew J., "Chinese Democracy in 1989: Continuity and Change," in Problems of Communism, vol. 38, no. 5 (Sept.-Oct. 1989).

On the Eve - China '89 Symposium (Bolinas, California, 27-29 April, 1989), includes discussions of Chinese politics and culture, and the key issues faced in China in the late 1980s and 1990s, with introductory essays by Marlowe Hood, Perry Link, Geremie R. Barmé, Andrew J. Nathan, Leo Ou-fan Lee, and Merle Goldman.

Schell, Orville, "China's Andrei Sakharov," an article about Fang Lizhi, from The Atlantic, May 1988.

Spence, Jonathan D., "The Gate and the Square," from Children of the Dragon (New York: Collier Books, Macmillan Publishing Company, 1990).

Yau Ma Tei, "Maosoleum," from Geremie Barmé and John Minford, editors, Seeds of Fire (New York: The Noonday Press, 1989).

Barmé, Geremie, "Official Bad Boys or True Rebels?" Human Rights Tribune, Volume III, Number 4, Winter 1992, pp. 17-20.

Kraus, Richard Curt, excerpt on "The East is Red," from Pianos and Politics in China: Middle-Class Ambitions and the Struggle over Western Music (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989).

Pevsner, Mark, "The Gate of Heavenly Peace" Original Music Program Notes, 1996.

Barmé, Geremie, "The Rhetoric of Democratic Denunciation," excerpt from "Totalitarian Nostalgia," from In The Red: On Contemporary Chinese Culture (New York: Columbia University Press, 1999).

White, Jerry, "Squaring Off Over Tiananmen: Critics Clamor at the Gate of Heavenly Peace," The Independent, January/February 1996.

Woodward, Richard, "Anatomy of a Massacre," The Village Voice, 4 June 1996.

Ye Ren, "The Democracy Movement in Exile is Trapped by Communist Mentality," published in the July and August 1995 issues of The 90's. (Also available in Chinese, in both text and GIF versions.)

One Village in China: A Review Symposium, Oral History Review, 15 (Fall, 1987).

Ansen, David, "Raise a Red Flag," from Newsweek, Oct. 9, 1995, detailing the controversy at the New York Film Festival, where "The Gate of Heavenly Peace" premiered in October 1995.

Taylor, Charles, "Gate of Heaven," The Boston Phoenix, Jan. 5, 1996, a review of the film.

• General Frameworks
• Class, Gender, and Identity: 1989 as a Social Movement
• Popular Culture and the Politics of Art
• Cultural Dilemmas and Political Roles of the Intelligentsia
• State Power and Legitimacy
• Historical Narratives and Key Words Deconstructed

Beijing Spring 1989: