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The Second Bill of Rights (1944) |
The
Second Bill of Rights
was a proposal made by
United
States President
Franklin
D. Roosevelt during his
State of
the Union Address on
January
11,
1944
to suggest that the nation had come to recognize, and should now
implement, a second
bill of
rights. Roosevelt did not
argue for any change to the
United
States Constitution; he
argued that the second bill of rights was to be implemented
politically, not by federal judges. Roosevelt's stated justification
was that the "political rights" granted by the Constitution and the
Bill of
Rights had "proved
inadequate to assure us equality in the pursuit of happiness."
Roosevelt's remedy was to create an "economic bill of rights" which
would guarantee:
Excerpt from President Roosevelt's January 11, 1944 message to the Congress of the United States on the State of the Union It is our duty now to begin to lay the plans and determine the strategy for the winning of a lasting peace and the establishment of an American standard of living higher than ever before known. We cannot be content, no matter how high that general standard of living may be, if some fraction of our people—whether it be one-third or one-fifth or one-tenth—is ill-fed, ill-clothed, ill-housed, and insecure. This Republic had its beginning, and grew to its present strength, under the protection of certain inalienable political rights—among them the right of free speech, free press, free worship, trial by jury, freedom from unreasonable searches and seizures. They were our rights to life and liberty. As our nation has grown in size and stature, however—as our industrial economy expanded—these political rights proved inadequate to assure us equality in the pursuit of happiness. We have come to a clear realization of the fact that true individual freedom cannot exist without economic security and independence. “Necessitous men are not free men.” People who are hungry and out of a job are the stuff of which dictatorships are made. In our day these economic truths have become accepted as self-evident. We have accepted, so to speak, a second Bill of Rights under which a new basis of security and prosperity can be established for all—regardless of station, race, or creed. Among these are: The right to a useful and remunerative job in the industries or shops or farms or mines of the nation; The right to earn enough to provide adequate food and clothing and recreation; The right of every farmer to raise and sell his products at a return which will give him and his family a decent living; The right of every businessman, large and small, to trade in an atmosphere of freedom from unfair competition and domination by monopolies at home or abroad; The right of every family to a decent home; The right to adequate medical care and the opportunity to achieve and enjoy good health; The right to adequate protection from the economic fears of old age, sickness, accident, and unemployment; The right to a good education. All of these rights spell security. And after this war is won we must be prepared to move forward, in the implementation of these rights, to new goals of human happiness and well-being.
America’s own rightful place in the world depends in
large part upon how fully these and similar rights
have been carried into practice for our citizens.
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